Max von Pettenkofer (1818–1901) as a pioneer of modern hygiene and preventive medicine

Max von Pettenkofer (1818–1901) belonged to the scientific elite of the 19th century. With his stringent search for the laws of nature and his fight for scientific truth, Pettenkofer was the prototype of a modern researcher. In the field of hygiene, he sought ways and means of preserving health and preventing sickness. With his consistent application of the experimental method to the field of public health, Pettenkofer helped the discipline of hygiene to provide precise and reliable answers to sanitary questions. In his experimental work on hygiene, Pettenkofer sought an answer to every imaginable question concerning the connection between the human organism and its environment

Bis-(tri-n-butyl-zinn)-oxid: Vergleichende Pruefung des Einflusses von Einzel- und Paarhaltung auf die subchronische orale Toxizitaet unter Einbeziehung reproduktionstoxikologischer Parameter nach 13woechiger Verabreichung ueber das Futter und nach 3woechiger Nachbeobachtung an der Japanischen Wachtel (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

An avian toxicity study in the Japanese quail was conducted with Bis-(tributyltin)-oxide (TBTO). Test diets containing 0, 150 and 375 ppm were fed for a 13-week period followed by a 3-week recovery period. The animals of each dose group were housed either single or in pairs. The test animals were observed daily for mortality, abnormal behavior, and signs of toxicity. Body weight, food consumption, egg production, eggshell thickness, fertility, hatchability, number and weight of chicks also were measured. No treatment related mortality occured and no signs of intoxication were observed in any group. Changes of phosphate and iron levels were measured in blood plasma of female adults only. Egg production (number of eggs, mean egg weight), eggshell thickness and quality, fertility, hatchability were reduced at 375 ppm. The 6week reproduction test has shown similar effects of TBTO which were obtained during the 13 week period. All toxic effects were reversible 3 weeks after termination of TBTO feeding. In animals housed either single or in pairs the reproductive effects of TBTO were almost identical. Nevertheless single housing of Japanese quails should be preferred because housing in pairs showed a greater degree of injuriesSIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RN 8908(93-025) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman